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Solanum nigrum
European black nightshade (''Solanum nigrum'') or locally just black nightshade, duscle, garden nightshade, garden huckleberry, hound's berry, petty morel, wonder berry, small-fruited black nightshade, or popolo) is a species in the ''Solanum'' genus, native to Eurasia and introduced in the Americas, Australasia, and South Africa. Parts of this plant can be toxic to livestock and humans, and it is considered a weed. Nonetheless, ripe berries and cooked leaves of edible strains are used as food in some locales, and plant parts are used as a traditional medicine. A tendency exists in literature to incorrectly refer to many of the other "black nightshade" species as "''Solanum nigrum''".〔Mohy-ud-dint, A., Khan, Z., Ahmad, M., Kashmiri, M.A., Chemotaxonomic value of alkaloids in ''Solanum nigrum'' complex, ''Pakistan Journal of Botany'', 42(1): 653-660, 2010.()〕
''Solanum nigrum'' has been recorded from deposits of the Paleolithic and Mesolithic era of ancient Britain and it is suggested by the botanist and ecologist Edward Salisbury that it was part of the native flora there before Neolithic agriculture emerged.〔Salisbury, E.J. (1961) ''Weeds and Aliens'', New Naturalists Series, Collins, London.〕 The species was mentioned by Pliny the Elder in the first century AD and by the great herbalists, including Dioscorides.〔Edmonds, J. M., Chewya, J. A., ''Black Nightshades, ''Solanum nigrum'' L. and related species, '' International Plant Genetic Resources Institute.()〕 In 1753, Carl Linnaeus described six varieties of ''Solanum nigrum'' in ''Species Plantarum''.〔(Linnaeus, C. (1753): ''Species Plantarum IV-V'' )〕
==Description==
Black nightshade is a common herb or short-lived perennial shrub, found in many wooded areas, as well as disturbed habitats. It reaches a height of 30 to 120 cm (12 to 48 in), leaves 4.0 to 7.5 cm (1.5 to 3.0 in) long and 2 to 5 cm (1.0 to 2.5 in) wide; ovate to heart-shaped, with wavy or large-toothed edges; both surfaces hairy or hairless; petiole 1 to 3 cm (0.5 to 1.0 in) long with a winged upper portion. The flowers have petals greenish to whitish, recurved when aged and surround prominent bright yellow anthers. The berry is mostly 6 to 8 mm (0.3 to 0.8 in) in diam., dull black or purple-black.〔(''Solanum nigrum'' plant profile, ''New South Wales Flora Online'' )〕 In India, another strain is found with berries that turn red when ripe.〔Venkateswarlu, J., Krishna Rao, M., Inheritance of fruit colour in the ''Solanum nigrum'' complex, ''Proceedings: Plant Sciences, '' Volume 74, Number 3, pp137-141, DOI: 10.1007/BF03050624. ()〕
Sometimes ''S. nigrum'' is confused for the more toxic deadly nightshade, ''Atropa belladonna'', in a different Solanaceae genus altogether. A comparison of the fruit shows that the black nightshade berries grow in bunches, the deadly nightshade berries grow individually.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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